Waste Scavenging as a Tool for Poverty Reduction among Unemployed Youths in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is troublesome to manage because it consists of diverse range of materials such as glass, metals, plastics, papers, food, nylon, vegetable, dead animals. The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of waste scavenging on poverty reduction and unemployment in Nigeria. Poverty is prevalent in most developing countries and these forces the poor to make the most of the resources available to them due to their very low incomes, scavenging provides them with reusable and sellable materials. In doing so, the poor have developed creative ways in order to satisfy their needs, including the recovery of items not necessarily part of the waste stream. Scavenging renders economic and environmental benefits, such as providing income to unemployed individuals, supplying inexpensive raw materials to industries, reducing the demand for collection, transportation and disposal of waste. Despite the non-formalization of waste scavenging as a job in most developing countries of the world. The finding of this study revealed that the 409 respondents engaged in waste scavenging were earning livelihood in the process. A descriptive statistical technique was used in analyzing the collected data and the results summarized. Scavenging encourage family members to sort out materials from wastes in exchange for money, it supplies raw materials for a lot of recycling enterprises and this creates more jobs for people especially the youths.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abubakar, S.; Faruk, A. Saddique A.M.; Saleh I.A. (2013): The Youth and Waste Scavenging in Bauchi town. Garu Academic Journal volume number 1 pp 151 – 156.
Adegoke, O. B. (1990):” Waster Management within the Context of Sustainable development” The Environment and Sustainable Development in Nigeria Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the NiconNoga Hilton, Abuja, F.C.T. 25th April, 1989. Published by FEPA pp.103-117.
Ahmed, S.M. 2006, using GIS in solid waste planning; a case study for Aurangabad, India.
Aida, H.Z.,Firuza, B.M.,Fauziah, S.H. (2011): Socio-Economic Studies of Scavengers in Malaysia Landfills. International Conference on Population Dynamism of Asia 11-13 July, University of Malaya.
Ajadike, J. C. (2001): “Urban Solid Wastes; Problems and Management in Nigeria” In G.E.K Ofomata and P. O. Phil-Eze (Eds) Geographical Perspective on Environmental Problems and Management in Nigeria.
Alagoz, A. Z., Kocasoy, G. Improvement and Modification of the Routing System for the Health-care Waste Collection and Transportation in Istandul.Waste management.2007, vol. 28, pp.1461-1471.
Anon, (2011): Physical Settings http://www.onlinenigeriaa.com/link/ bauchi.asp? blurb=200.
Apo, (2007): Solid Waste Management: Issues and Challenges in Asia.Report of the Apo Survey on Solid-Waste Management 2004.05 the Asian Productivity Organization.
Badran, M. F: El-Haggar, S. M. Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Port said-Egypt. Waste Management 2006, vol.26, pp.534-545.
Batta, R., Chiu, S. S., Optimal Obnoxious Paths on a Network: Transportation of Hazardous Materials. Operations research.1987, vol.36, issue 1, pp.45-54.
Bartone, C and Oliverira, A. (1992): A Unit Cost Model for Solid Waste Collection. Urban Note, No. VE-1. Washington DC: Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, the World Bank.
Banerjee, Biswajit and J.B., Knight 1995. Caste Discrimination in the Indian Urban labour Market; Journal of Developing Economics, Vo.17 (3), Pp.277-308.
Bagchi A., Design of Landfill and Integrated Solid Waste Management, Wiley, Hoboken, 2004.
BARUWASSA (2013): Bauchi State Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency’s List of Local Government Experiencing Severe Water Problems and Requiring Immediate Attention, Complied by Mahmud, A. S. (Unpublished).
Bever M.B. The Recycling of metals: Ferous metals and non-ferous metals, conservation and recycling, 155-69, 1976.
Beall J., 2010 Urbanization and Development Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Oxford University Press.
Benneh, G. et al, 1993: Environmental Problem and Urban Household in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), M.A.C. Stockholm, Ghana.
BhosaleSavita G. and KorishettiVijaya B (2013). Problems of child Rag pickers, international research journal of social sciences vol.2(2), 6-11, February, Pp.6-11.
Bikramaditya Kumar Choudhary. (2003), Waste and waste-pickers economics and political weekly.December 13, Pp.5240-5242.
Blincow, M. (1986); Scavengers and Recycling: A Reflected Domain of Production; Capital and Society Vol.19 pp94-115.
Bodin L. Mingozzi, A., Baldacci, R., Ball M. the Rollon-Rollof Vehicle Routing Problem Transportation science.2000, vol.34, issue 3, pp.271-288.
BSADP (2014): Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme, Bauchi State Analysis of 2014 Seasonal Rainfall Prediction (SRP). Bauchi State 2014 Rainfall Prediction Table by NIMET, (Unpublished).
Chang N-B., S.F Integrated analysis of recycling and incineration programs by goal programming techniques, waste management & research, 15,121-136, 1997.
Chatterjae, M.S 1981. Reversible sex roles; the special case of Benaras sector recycling in waste management in developing countries. Habitant international 30, Pp.797-808.
Cointreau S.J 2008: Declaration of principles for Sustainable; Institutional Challenges in India, New Delhi; Manohar.
Dijk MP Van 2007; research Methods and tools for an MBA course in Nanying Delft; UNESCO. IHE Institute for Water Education.
D’Souza, Victor. 1990. Development Planning and Structural Inequalities, New Delhi; sage publications.
Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere (2014) Scavenging for wealth or death? Exploring the health risk associated with waste scavenging in Kumar, Ghana, Ghana journal of Geography vol. 6, 2014 Pp. 63-80.
Epa 2009; This Guideline Provides Definitions for a Range of Terms Commonly Used within the waste industry, http://www.repa.org.842/09.
Ejares, Jay A. paler, Ma. Kristina O, Aguilar, Ma Erian L. (2014). Socio-demographic profile of scavenging households in umaped dumpsite, mandaue city cebu, Philippines, journal of sustainable development studies, volume 6, number 1, 2014, Pp. 175-192.
Evans, R. G., and Stoddart, G. L. (1990): Producing Health, Consuming Health Care Social Sciences and Medicine. 31(12): pp1347-1363.
Etisalat (2011): Environmental Impact Assessment of Etisalat Base Stations in Bauchi State. Emerging Market Telecommunication Services Limited Plot 19, Zone L, Federal Government Layout, Banana Island, Ikoy, Lagos.
Funniveden G. Solid Waste treatment within the framework of life-cycle assessment metals in municipal solid waste landfills, journal of life cycle assessment, 1,74-78. 1996.
Furedy C. (1984. Survival strategies of the urban poor scavenging and recuperation in calcuta.Geo journal, vol 8, no. Pp. 129-136.
Furedy C. (1984). Survival strategies of the urban poor scavenging and recuperation in calcutta. Geojournal, vol.8, No. Pp.129-136
Furedy, C. (1984): Socio-Political Aspects of the recovery and Recycling of Urban Wastes in Asia. In M.H Wong, P. J. Say and B. H. Whitton (Eds),
Ecological Aspects of Solid Waste Disposal, Conserve, Recycle. 7(2-4): 167-173.
Gerlagh, R; Van Backering, P., Verma, M. Yadav, P. and Pandey, P. 1999. Integrated modeling of solid waste in India CREED working paper No.26(1):1-43.
Gill, Mehar Singh. 1987, urbanization of scheduled caste population in Punjab, geographical Review of India, vol.49(1), Pp. 71-84.
Gooplu, Nandini, 1996. Urban Poverty and the Politics of caste and religion in early 20th century North India. Implications for development practice and research, oxford development studies, vol.24(3), Pp. 221-240.
Hazra T., Goel S. Solid waste management in Kolkata, India. Journal of waste management, in press, 2008.
Holmes, J. (1984): Solid Waste Management Decisions in Developing Countries in Holmes, J. (ed) Managing Solid Waste in Developing Countries. New York: John Willy & Sons.
Imam H., Mohammed B., Wilson D.C, Cheeseman C.R. Solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of waste management 28,468-472, 2008.
IntikhabAlam, Ayesha Jabeen, NiazMuhammed, Sara Safdar, Mussawar Shah, AsadUllah and MadehaAsghar. (2011). Scavenging: the children role in surging the economic profile of families in Pehawar, Pakistan Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.27, No.1, Pp.153-159.
Janis Bernstein 2004: Tool kit on social assessment and public participation in municipal solid waste, management.
Jin, J., Wang Z., Ran, S. Solid waste management in Macao: Practices and challenges, journal of waste management 26,1045-105, 2006.
Jin et al; 2006: Solid Waste Management in Macao: Practices and challenges, waste management.
JnanmitraBhimasha and Chandrakumar B. Sedamkar (2015). Socio-economic conditions of manual scavengers with special reference to Gulbarrga District of Karnataka state Indian streams research journal. Volume 4, issue-12 January, Pp. 1-5.
Kalaiyarasan M. and Suresh Kumar M. (2014). A study on socio-economic conditions among scavengers with special reference to Ganeshapuram, Thirwearanpur Block, Truchirappalli District, Indian journal of Applied research, vol.4 issue 12, Pp. 101-104.
Kamalisks, J. 2010. Research practice in waste management utrachi university, Netherlands.
Karlekar, Malarika 1982 poverty and women work; a study of sweeper women in Delhi, Delhi vikas.
Karthikeyond N., Gayathri and Dheepa.T (2014).An untold miseries of manual scavengers in India with reference to their socio-economic status intercontinental journal of human resources research review 2(12), Dec. Pp. 38-44.
Kosamibi, Meera. 1994 Urbanization and Urban Development in India, New Delhi; Indian Council of Social Research.
Kumar, Vanaja and Venkateswarlu, G. 1980. Socio-Economic Structure of harijans of Kalyanury Town, Anantpur District (Andhra Predesh); A Survey Study’, Indian Journal of Social Research, vol.21(2), Pp.41-50.
Kuntabalahri-Dutti.(2001). From Gin Girls to scavengers women in ranigary collieries economic and political weekly November 3, pp.4213-4221.
KuruvaSynamala Devi, Arza V.V.S Swarry and RaruriHema Kristina (2014) studies on the solid waste collection by rag pickers at creator Hydrabad municipal corporation, India, international research journal of environment sciences, martin 2001a, (Un) touchable in Durban; Seminon, 508, December, pp.21-24.
Lombard R. &McPherson M. 2003: A comparison of three waste collection systems appropriate to formalizing communities in Southern. Solid waste collection that benefits the urban poor.Dares Salaam.
Magaji, J. Y. (2005): Environmental Health Problems Associated with the Management of Solid Waste in Gwagwalada F.C.T Abuja. An Unpublished M.Sc Thesis Submitted to the Department of Geography and Planning University of Jos, Jos Nigeria.
Martin, M. (2007): The World’s Scavengers: Salvaging for Sustainable Consumption and Production. New York: Altamira Press.
Martin, O. A., (2001): When Necessity Begets Ingenuity: E-Waste Scavenging as a Livelihood Strategy in Accra, Ghana, African Studies Quarterly/volume 13, Issues 1 & 2/Spring 2012.
Martin, M. (2005): Waste Pickers Developing Countries. http://www.wiego.org/ahmedals/papers/final/median MBOP. doc-.
Marianov V., Rovelle, C. Linear, non-approximated models for optimal routing in hazardous environments journal of the operational research society 1998, vol. 49, pp.157-164.
Medina M. (2010), Brazil: The world’s waste management: a life cycle inventory (2nded). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Sciences.
Metin, 2003: Waste management practices and review of recovery of recycling operations in Turkey, Pergamon, Istanbul.
Meyer, G. (1987): Waste Recycling as a Livelihood in the Informal Sector. The Example of Refuse Collectors in Cairo: Applied Geography and Development. Vol.30, pp.78-194.
Medina, M. (1997) informal recycling and collection of solid wastes in Developing.Countries; issues and opportunities. United nations university centre in Tokyo, institute of Advanced studies working paper 24.
Melosi M.V Garbage in the cities Refuse reform and the Environment, revised edition, university of Pittsburgh press, Pittsburgh pa, 2005.
Muhammed, A., Keneth, M. P. and Emad S. (2015).The role of informal sector in waste management, a case study; Tafida-Jordan, Resources and Environment, 5 (1); 9-14.
Muhammad, Y.U. (2016). Mineral resources in solid waste: Study of Bauchi metropolis in contemporary Nigeria. Jenkem Creative Services, Bauchi, Nigeria. 1(1): 10.
NPC (2006): National Population Commission, 2006 Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. National and State Population and Housing Priority Table, vol.1
Ogwueleka I.C., (2003). Analysis of urban solid waste in Nsukka, Nigeria journal of solid waste technology and management, 29(4);239-246.
Ogwedeka T. Ch., 2009 municipal solid waste characteristics and management Nigeria Iran. J Environ health sci. eng., vol.6, no.3, pp172-180.
Ogola J., 2012: Management of solid waste: a case study in Limpopo province, South Africa http//:www.intechopen.com/inTeeh.
Omran A. Read A.D “Waste not, want not” A study of household attitude toward recycling of solid wastes, environmental engineering and management journal, 7,1-8 2008.
PrasamitaMohanty, (2013). Social Exclusion leads to educational dropout and vice versa- A study on scavengers children. Research journal for interdisciplinary studies, vol 11/viii, Sept-Oct, Pp.105-116.
Prashed, Vijay 2000. Untouchable Freedom; A Social History of a Dalit Community, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
PreetiSoni (2014). Problem and Situation of Girl Rag Pickers in National capital Territory of Delhi, Journal of Alcohol Drug depend volume 2. Issue 4, Pp.
Punlekar, S.P 1990-prison without walls; social situation of sweepers and scavengers in western India; LASSI Quarterly vol.9 (1 and 2), Pp. 151-162.
Rajeer Kumar Singh and Ziyauddin (2009). Manual scavenging as social exclusion: A case study, economic & political weekly, June 27, vol XLIV no 26 & 27.
Raynarayan R. Tiwani (2008). Occupational health hazards in sewage and sanitary workers Indian J occupational and environmental medcanedec, 12(3). 112-115.
Ravichandran, B. (2011). Scavenging profession: between class and caste? Economic & political weekly, March 26, vol: XLVI No.13, Pp.21-25.
Ramachandran R. 1989 urbanization and urban system in India New Delhi: Oxford.
Reginald Dennis Gwisru; Olusegun Areola and Eagilwe Segosebe (2014).Respiratory and occupational health problems of scavengers and landfill employee in a municipal landfill site in Lobatse, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa vol.16 No.1, Pp.37-55.
SamualSathyaseelan (2013). Neglect of Sewage workers concerns about the new act. Economic & political weekly. December, vol.XLVIII No.49, Pp.33-37.
Sarka, P. 2003. Solid waste management in Delhi. A school vulnerability study in third international conference on environmental and health, Chennai, India.
Schenck, R. &Blwauw. P.F (2011) The work and lives of street waste pickers in Pretoria – a case study of recycling in South Africa urban informal economy. URBAN FORUM, 22;411-430.
Seow Ta Wee (2012). Socio-economic of scavenger: study case at Johore State, Malasia, research on Humanities and social sciences, vol.2, No.7, Pp.91-98.
ShahedaNiloufer, Swany A.V.V.S and Syamala Devi.K (2013). Waste collection by rag pickers in the cities – a brief report PARIPEX-Indian journal of research vol;2 issue:04. Pp.211-214.
Siddaramu.B. (2013). Liberation and Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers International Journal of Research in Humanities Arts and Literature vol.1, issue:2, July, 29-38.
Sinha, R.K 1984. Alienation among scheduled castes in an urban setting; Indian journal of social research, vol.25(2). August, Pp.151-616.
Slih, L-H; H-C, A routing and scheduling system for infectious waste collection. Environmental modeling and assessment, 2001, vol.6, pp.261-269.
Srivastara, B.N 1997. Manual scavenging in India: A Disgrace to the country new Delhi: concept publishing company.
State Institute of statistics of Turkey (SIS) 1993 Environmental statistics, household solid waste composition survey.
State institute of statistics of Turkey (SIS), 1994.Municipal Environmental Inventory Fundamental Environment Indicators.
Thompson, W.R 1995: introduction: urban economics in the global age. North American cities and the global economy, thousand oaks.
Tsiliyannis, C.A Report comparison of environmental impacts from solid waste treatment and disposal facilities, journal of waste management and research, 18,23-241, 1999.
TulikaTripathi (2012) SafaiKarmi scheme of Uttar Pradesh caste dominance continues economic & political weekly September 15, 2012 Vol.XLVII No.37, Pp.26-29.
Turan N.G, Corach S., Akdemir A., Ergun S.N. Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies in Turkey, Journal of Waste Management in Press, 2008.
UNEP 2005: Solid waste management. Carecovery incorporated.
UN-HABITAT 2003: The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on human settlements London: Earthscan.
Van Beikering P., Sehker M., ReyerGerlagh R., Kumar V., (1999), Analyzing Urban Solid Waste in developing Countries. A perspective on Bangalore, India, working paper No.24, collaborative research in the economics of environment and development (CREED), institute for social and economic change (ISEC), Nagarbhavi, Bangalore, India.
Venkatesh, C.D (2014). Socio Economic conditions of women scavengers-with special reference to Bruhath Bangalore MahangerPalike(B bmp),
Karnataka International Inter Displinary Research Journal, vol-IV, July, Pp.267-275.
Vidanaarachchi, CK; Yuen S.T., Pilapitiga S. (2006). Municipal solid waste management in the Southern province of Sri Lanka problems, issues and challenges. 26(8): 920-30.
Vimal Kumar. (2014). Scavenger Community at the Crossroads: Reflection on State Intervention, Welfare and Welfarism. Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Social Work, Vol. 2. Issue 1 no. 1, pp, 1 -11, March 18th.
Von Heidenstam O. Swedish Experience in Separation at source solid wastes institute of solid waste management, London, 1997.
Vogler, J. (1984): “Waste Recycling in Developing Countries: a Review of the Social, Technological and Market Forces. In Holmes, J. (ed) Managing Solid Waste in Developing Countries New York: John Willy and Sons pp244.
World Bank, 1994 “Northern Border Environment project” staff appraisal report 12603-ME, Washington, DC.
WSCSD, (2005): Solid Waste Management in a Developing Country. To Wards a Sustainable Solution. Http:/www.wscsd.org/journal/article.php3? id_article = 194 Forum 57.
Weiner R.F & Matthews M. 2003; Environmental Engineering 4thed, Oxford.
Zarbrugg C. &Schertenleib R. 2003: Main Problems and Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries with Emphasis on Problems Related to Disposal by Landfill. Paper Presented at Third Swedish Landfill Research Symposia, Lules, Sweden.
Zayani, A 2010: Solid Waste management overview and current state in Egypt. Triocecarbon.
Zurbrugg C. &Shertenleib, R. 1998: Main Problems and Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries with Emphasis on Problems Related to Disposal by Landfill Research Symposia, Lulea, Sweden.