Determining the State of Water Deprivation Among the Residents of Informal Settlement in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study employs the quantitative method to determine the real situation of residents' access to improved/unimproved water sources in connection to water collection time and water quantity in four informal settlements of Jos Metropolis Nigeria. Three hundred and eighty-two (382) questionnaires were randomly administered to a sample population of mostly women and girls. Findings revealed that though most residents have access to improved sources, access is however not restricted to only one source but a combination of different sources, which account for 31.7% of the responses. 43.6% of the respondents spent more than 30mins on water fetching, which corresponds to the JMP drinking water ladder's limited category. 35% of the total responses have daily access to at least eight jerry cans (160 litres) of water, which falls short of Gleick’s recommended water standard of at least 50litres per capita/person daily, considering an average household size of seven persons per household. Residents of Jos Metropolis' informal settlements lack adequate access to water. As a result, policymakers must pay attention to the unique water needs of informal settlements.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abaje, I. B., Ati, O. F., & Ishaya, S. (2009). Nature of potable water supply and demand in Jema’a Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 1(1), 16–21.
Abdullahi, A., & Abdu, A. (2018). Household water conditions in Gombe: A profile of water scarcity in Nassarawa, palliative and mitigation measures. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology and Sciences, 43(1), 227–240.
Abdullahi, Ahmad, & Abdu, A. (2018). Household water conditions in Gombe : A profile of water scarcity in Nassarawa, palliative and mitigation measures. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 43(1), 227–240.
Adams, E. A. (2017). Thirsty slums in African cities: Household water insecurity in urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1322941
Adams, E. A., Boateng, G. O., & Amoyaw, J. A. (2016). Socioeconomic and demographic predictors of potable water and sanitation access in Ghana. Social Indicators Research, 126(2), 673–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0912-y
Adeleye, B., Okelola, O., & Medayese, S. (2014). Assessing the problems of water supply and sanitation in Kpakungu Area of Minna, Niger State, Nigeria using GIS. Globalism Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, 2014(2). https://doi.org/10.12893/gjcpi.2014.1-2.9
Adzandeh, E. A., Akintunde, J. A., & Akintunde, E. A. (2015). Analysis of urban growth agents in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 4(2), 41–50. www.rpublishing.org
Ahile, S. I., Udoumoh, E. F., & Adzande, P. (2015). Residents coping strategies with water scarcity in Makurdi Town , Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p100
Akpobio, E. M. (2012). Water supply and sanitation services sector in Nigeria: The policy trend and practice constriant. ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 96, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn.
Alford et al. (1979). In Dung -Gwom & Jugu, A.S. Characteristics of planning Challenges of hilltop settlements in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. UPLanD Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, 2(2), 129-149
Buor, D. (2003). Water needs and women’s health in the Kumasi Metropolitan area, Ghana. Health and Place, 10(1), 85–103.
Chia, V., Ijir, S. T., Iwar, R., & Ndulue, E. L. (2014). The contending issues of domestic water supply in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research, 6(9), 1–10.
Chidya, R. C. G., Mulwafu, W. O., & Banda, S. C. T. (2016). Water supply dynamics and quality of alternative water sources in low-income areas of Lilongwe City, Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 93, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.03.003
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. SAGE Publications Inc. Thousand Oaks, Califonia.
Dagdeviren, H., & Robertson, S. A. (2011). Access to water in the slums of sub-Saharan Africa. Development Policy Review, 29(4), 485–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00543.x
Dana, T. (2011). Unhygenic living conditions and health problems: A study in selected slums of Dhaka City. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(11), 27–33.
Daniel, M. M., Wapwera, S. D., Akande, E. M., Musa, C. C., & Aliyu, A. A. (2015). Slum housing conditions and eradication practices in some selected Nigerian cities. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(2), 230–249. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n2p230
Davis, J., Crow, B., & Miles, J. (2012). Measuring Water Collection Times in Kenyan Informal Settlements. Social Issues, 114–121.
Devi, A., & Bostoen, K. (2009). Extending the critical aspects of the water access indicator using East Africa as an example. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 19(5), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120802691608
Dos Santos, S., Adams, E. A., Neville, G., Wada, Y., de Sherbinin, A., Mullin Bernhardt, E., & Adamo, S. B. (2017). Urban growth and water access in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, challenges, and emerging research directions. Science of the Total Environment, 607–608, 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.157
Dung-Gwom. (2007). Urban renewal in Jos-Bukuru metropolis: Paper presented at the Nigerian Institutes of Estate Surveyors and Valuers, MCPD workshop.
Dung-Gwom, & Oladosu. (2004). Characteristics and planning implications of slums in Jos. Journal of Environmental Science, 8(2), 118–127.
FGN. (2004). National Water Supply Draft National Policy on Water Supply and Sanitation(First Edition).
Fonjong, L. N., & Ngekwi, M. A. (2014). Challenges of water crisis on women’s socio-economic activities in the Buea Municipality, Cameroon. Journal of Geography and Geology, 6(4), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v6n4p122
Gain, A. K., Giupponi, C., & Wada, Y. (2016). Measuring global water security towards sustainable development goals. Environmental Research Letters, 11(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124015
Gilman, R., Marquis, G., Ventura, G., Campos, M., Spira, W., & Diaz, F. (1993). Water cost and availability: Key determinants of family hygiene in a Peruvian Shantytown. Am.J.Public Health, 83, 1554–1558.
Gleick, P. H., & IWRA, M. (1996). Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs. Water International, 21(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4508.774
Gleick, P. H., Wolff, G., Chalecki, E. L., & Reyes, R. (2002). The new economy of water: The risks and benefits of globalization and privatization of fresh water. In Pacific Institute for Studies in Development. Environment, and Security.
Howard, G., & Bartram, J. (2003). Domestic water quantity, service level and health; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
Karthe, D., Heldt, S., & Houdret, A. (2015). IWRM in a country under rapid transition : lessons learnt from the Kharaa River Basin , Mongolia. Environment Earth Science, 73, 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3435-y
Kayser, G. L., Moriarty, P., Fonseca, C., & Bartram, J. (2013). Domestic water service delivery indicators and frameworks for monitoring , valuation , policy and Planning : A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 4812–4835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104812
Krejcie, R. ., & Morgan, D. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607–610.
Latip, N. A., Marzuki, A., Pimid, M., & Umar, M. U. (2015). The involvement of indigenous peoples in promoting conservation and sustainable tourism at Lower Kinabatangan Sabah: Common issues and challenges. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(7), 323–325.
Lekwot, V. E., Yakubu, A. A., Kwesaba, D. A., & Sahabo., A. A. (2015). An analysis of inner city decay:A study of some selected slums in Jos Metropolis Plateau State Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4(2), 171–176.
Majuru, B., Jagals, P., & Hunter, P. R. (2012). Assessing rural small community water supply in Limpopo, South Africa: Water service benchmarks and reliability. Science of the Total Environment, 435–436, 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.024
Majuru, B., Suhrcke, M., & Hunter, P. R. (2016). How do households respond to unreliable water supplies? a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1222), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121222
Martinez-santos, P. (2017). Does 91 % of the world ’ s population really have “ sustainable access to safe drinking water ”? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1298517
Meji’a, A., Hubner, M. N., Sanchez, E. R., & Doria, M. (2012). Water and sustainability: A Review of Targets, Tools and Regional Cases. In United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (Vol. 03, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1996.tb00629.x
Molle, F., & Mollinga, P. (2003). Water poverty indicators: Conceptual problems and policy issues. Water Policy, 5(5–6), 539–532.
Musakwa, W., & Van Niekerk, A. (2015). Monitoring sustainable urban development using built-up area indicators: A case study of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17(3), 547–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9560-7
Nakawunde, R., Nalubega, M., Wozei, E., & Thunvik, R. (2010). Environmental health practices , constraints and possible interventions in peri-urban settlements in developing countries – a review of Kampala , Uganda. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 20(4), 231–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120903545745
Nganyanyuka, K., Martinez, J., Wesselink, A., Lungo, J. H., & Georgiadou, Y. (2014). Accessing water services in Dar es Salaam: Are we counting what counts? Habitat International, 44(2014), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.07.003
Nkemdirim, V. U., Nwobi, C. J., & Okoroigwe, N. I. (2017). Potable water security in urban centres of Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Development Strategies in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences, 7(1), 134–143.
Nzengya, D. M., & Aggarwal, R. (2013). Water accessibility and womens participation along the rural-urban gradient: A study in Lake Victoria Region, Kenya. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 6(7), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.5897/jgrp2013.0408
Obeng-Odoom, F. (2012). Beyond access to water. Development in Practice, 22(8), 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2012.714744
Okotto, L., Okotto-Okotto, J., Price, H., Pedley, S., & Wright, J. (2015). Socio-economic aspects of domestic groundwater consumption, vending and use in Kisumu, Kenya. Applied Geography, 58, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.02.009
Olajuyigbe. (2010a). Attributes of domestic water sources in a rapidly urbanizing state capital in a developing economy. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 212–220.
Olajuyigbe, A. E. (2010b). Attributes of domestic water sources in a rapidly urbanizing state capital in a developing Economy. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2010.212.220
Oskam, M. J., Pavlova, M., Hongoro, C., & Groot, W. (2021). Socio-economic inequalities in access to drinking water among inhabitants of informal settlements in south africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910528
Peloso, M., & Morinville, C. (2014). “Chasing for water”: Everyday practices of water access in Peri-Urban Ashaiman, Ghana. Water Alternatives, 7(1), 121–139.
Pérez-Foguet, A., Giné-Garriga, R., & Ortego, M. I. (2017). Compositional data for global monitoring: The case of drinking water and sanitation. Science of the Total Environment, 590–591, 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.220
Ryeshak, A. G., Amobi, A. K., Lekwot, V. E., Yakubu, A. A., Kwesaba, D. A., & Sahabo, A. A. (2015). Population increase and water supply in Nigerian cities: Case study of Jos in Plateau State, Nigeria. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 3, 23–31. http://ijmcr.com
Samson, E. (2013). Challenges of Water Supply in Nigeria Since 1999 and its Consequences on Economic Development. International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, 4(3), 11–22.
Satterthwaite, D. (2016). Missing the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation in urban areas. Environment and Urbanization, 28(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816628435
Smiley. (2013). Complexities of water access in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Applied Geography, 41, 132–138.
Sorenson, S.B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A. (2011). Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times. Soc. Sci. Med, 72(9), 1522–1526.
Sorenson, Susan B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A. (2011). Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times. Social Science and Medicine, 72(9), 1522–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.010
Subbaraman, R., Nolan, L., Sawant, K., Shitole, S., Shitole, T., Nanarkar, M., Patil-Deshmukh, A., & Bloom, D. E. (2015). Multidimensional measurement of household water poverty in a Mumbai slum: Looking beyond water quality. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133241
Taylor, B., Singha, G., & Ghoshal, T. (2011). Research methodology: A guide for researchers in management and social sciences. New Delhi, India. PHI Learning Private Limited.
Thompson, J., Porras, I. T., Wood, E., Tumwine, J. K., Mujwahuzi, M. R., Katui-Katua, M., & Johnstone, N. (2000). Waiting at the tap: Changes in urban water use in East Africa over three decades. Environment and Urbanization, 12(2), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780001200204
UNESCO. (2011). Results- based programming, managing and monitoring(RBM) approach as applied at UNESCO. Guiding Principles. Paris, Bureau of Strategic Planning, UNESCO.
Victor, C., Snyder, J. S., Id, K. L., & Id, M. C. F. (2022). Spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood-level water and sanitation access in informal urban settlements : A cross-sectional case study in. Plos Water, June, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000022
WHO/UNICEF. (2017). Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baseline. In WHO Library Cataloguing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.016
WHO, & Unicef. (2013). Progress on sanitation and drinking water 2013 Update. In World Health (Vol. 1, Issue October 2004, pp. 1–40). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563956_eng_full_text.pdf
WHO, & UNICEF. (2015). Progress on sanitation and drinking water- 2015 Update and MDG assessment WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization (WHO) and The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baseline. In World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.016