Identification of People, Process and Environment (PPE) Rework Factors in Public Building Construction Projects: Experts’ Perspective
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rework is a menace in construction projects and adversely affects the performance of projects in terms of cost overruns, schedule overruns and material wastage. This study was aimed at identifying the people, process and environment (PPE) related factors that cause rework in public building construction projects from the perspectives of the professionals in construction projects. To achieve this, extensive review was carried out on existing related literature and a list of 67 rework factors were obtained and categorized into people-related, process-related and environment-related factors. Data was sourced using structured research questionnaire which was self-administered using Google Forms on the construction professionals. Feedback of 74 respondents was used for the analysis. Mean score and Relative Importance Index (RII) were used to rank the PPE related factors of rework. The study revealed that poor workmanship and poor communication are the major factors that cause PPE related rework with mean scores of 4.57 each. Lack of coordination and poor communication have RII of 0.914 within people-related rework category; poor quality assurance and control and ineffective communication of project information and updates have RII of 0.892 and 0.889 respectively within process-related rework category while poor workmanship and poor-quality materials have RII of 0.911 and 0.897 respectively within the environment-related rework category. Factors related to communication and quality management form major causes of PPE related rework. It is recommended that effective communication, good quality management system and best practices, quality materials for construction works, and developing organizational process assets for the organization will help address the problem of PPE related rework.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Ade-Ojo, C. O., Akinnola, J. A., & Fasuyi, O. A. (2020). Analysis of the impact of rework on public and private projects in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), 8(06), 1466-1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/11236
Adi, P.H., & Niam, M.F. (2012). Improving skill’s strategies of Indonesian construction labours to have global competitiveness. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 3(1), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijcser.201203013014
Agara, O., Nnadi, E.O.E., & Chukwunenye, A.T. (2022). Perceived Contributions of Professionals Towards Cost Overrun in Nigerian Construction Industry; Quantity Surveyors Perspective. African Journal of Environmental Sciences & Renewable Energy. 8(1), 1-24.
Akal, A.Y., & El-Kholy, A.M. (2021). Exploring the critical frequent factors of rework and assigning strategies to mitigate their occurrence in the Egyptian construction projects. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.10.002
Akshay, S.D., & Konnur, B.A. (2020). Causes, Impacts and Mitigations of Rework in Construction. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 3(8), August-2020.
Al-Janabi, A.M., Abdel-Monem, M.S & EL-dash, K.M (2020). Factors Causing Rework and their Impact on Projects’ Performance in Egypt. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 26(7), 666–689. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.12916
Anah, C.I., Nwosu, A., & Ezeji, N. (2017). Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria: Implications for National Development. Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research, 14(1). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/view/160751
Anvuur, A.M., & Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2016). Effects of teamwork climate on cooperation in cross-functional temporary multi-organization workgroups. Journal contribution. Loughborough University. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/18078
Asadi, R., Wilkinson, S., & Rotimi, J.O. (2021). The common causes of rework in construction contracts: a diagnostic approach. Journal of Engineering Design and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1108/jedt-04-2021-0215
Asadi, R., Rotimi, J.O.B., & Wilkinson, S. (2022). Classification of rework root causes in the design stage of projects for contract assessment. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1101 042033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/4/042033
Ayomide, C. (2022). Nigeria has 90 million unemployed youths under Buhari; young graduates roaming the streets: NBTE. Peoples Gazette Online. (Accessed 20/11/2022). https://gazettengr.com/nigeria-has-90-million-unemployed-youths-under-buhari-young-graduates-roaming-the-streets-nbte/
ConSIG CWG (2020). Design Freeze: A Quality Perspective. Construction SIG of Chartered Quality Institute (CQI), United Kingdom. (Accessed Online 15/05/20). https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_freeze:_a_quality_perspective.
Construction Industry Institute (CII) (2001). Construction Industry Institute CII. Texas, United States.
Dougherty, J.M., Hughes, N., & Zack, J.G. Jr. (2012). The Impact of Rework on Construction & Some Practical Remedies. Navigant Construction Forum, Navigant Consulting Inc., San Francisco, California, USA.
Egeland, B. (2011). Understanding Project Environment. (Accessed 11/05/20). https://pmtips.net/article/understanding-project-environment
Eger, T., Eckert, C., & Clarkson, P.J. (2005). The Role of Design Freeze in Product Development. DS 35: Proceedings ICED 05, the 15th International Conference on Engineering Design, Melbourne, Australia, 15.-18.08.2005, (DS35_505.44),164-165.
Ekwedam, C.C., Nnadi, E.O.E., Ajator, U.O. (2022). Analysis of Rework Triggers in Public Building Construction Projects in Rivers State. Conference Proceedings 6th NIQS Research Conference (RECON 6), October 26-28, 2022, Uyo, Nigeria.
Enshassi, A., Sundermeier, M., & Zeiter, M. A. (2017). Factors contributing to rework and their impact on construction projects performance. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology. 8(1), 12-33. (Accessed online 19/01/2023). https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/IJSCET/article/view/1725
Emuze, F., & Sorensen, L (2014). A Case Study of Labour-Intensive Construction in South Africa: An Exploratory Study. Proceedings of the 8th Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Postgraduate Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa. (Accessed 20/11/2022). https://fidelisemuze.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/prof-fa-emuze-resume-august-2018.pdf
Erunke, J. (2021). Why millions of Nigerian graduates are unemployed — FG. Vanguard News Online. (Accessed 20/11/2022). https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/why-millions-of-nigerian-graduates-are-unemployed-fg/
Eze, E.C., & Idiake, J. E. (2018). Impact of Rework on Building Project and Organisation Performance: A View of Construction Professionals in Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology. 9(1), 2018. https://10.30880/ijscet.2018.09.01.003
Eze, C.E., Idiake, J.E., & Ganiyu, B. O. (2018). Construction Risks Triggers in the Nigerian Construction Industry: A View of Built Environment Professionals. Independent Journal of Management & Production (IJM&P), 9(2). https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i2.729
Fayek, A.R., Dissanayake, M., & Campero, O. (2003). Measuring and Classifying Construction Field Rework: A Pilot Study. Construction Owners Association of Alberta (COAA) Field Rework Committee. Available online: http://www.construction.ualberta.ca/papers.html
Gontijo, I.J., & Braga, J.L. (2019). A Systemic Analysis of Cost Overruns in Project Sales Companies. Electronic Journal of Management & System, 14(4), 382-399. https://doi.org/10.20985/1980-5160.2019.v14n4.1561
Hayat, K. (2018). Causes of construction reworks and their mitigation strategies. Dissertation. The British University, Dubai.
Hwang, B., Thomas, S., & Haas, C. (2009). Measuring the Impact of Rework on Construction Cost Performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management-ASCE. 135(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2009)135:3(187)
Hwang, B. G.1., Shan, M.1., & Tan, E. K. (2016). Investigating Reworks in Green Building Construction Projects: Magnitude, Influential Factors, and Solutions. Int. J. Environ. Res., 10(4), 499-510.
Hyun, H., Kim, H., Lee, H., Park, M., & Lee, J. (2020). Integrated Design Process for Modular Construction Projects to Reduce Rework. Sustainability 2020, 12(2), 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020530
Idowu, A.O., & Aligamhe, V. I. (2016). Causes and Effects of Rework on Public Building Projects in Edo State. In: Ogunsemi, D.R., Awodele, O.A., & Oke, A.E. (Eds). Proceedings of the 2nd Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors Research Conference, Federal University of Technology, Akure (99-109).
Isasare, A.S., & Bhirud, A.N. (2018). Review on Study of Causes and Impact of Rework on Construction Project. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 7(3), IJESS7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1199462
Jha, K.N. (2011). Construction Project Management - Theory and Practice. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, India.
Josephson, P.E., Larson, B., & Li, H., (2002). Illustrative benchmarking rework and rework costs in the Swedish construction industry. ASCE J. Manag. Eng. 18 (2), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2002)18:2(76)
Kakitahi, J. M., Alinaitwe, H. M., Landin, A., & Mone, S. J. (2016). Impact of construction-related rework on selected Ugandan public projects. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 14(2). 238-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-02-2014-0006
Khoueiry, Y., Srour, I., & Yassine, A. (2013). An optimization-based model for maximizing the benefits of fast-track construction activities. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 64(8), 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2013.30
Liu, Q., Ye, G., Feng, Y., Wang, C. & Peng, Y. (2020), “Case based insights into rework costs of residential building projects in China”. International Journal of Construction Management. 20(4) 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1484856
Love, P. E. D. (2020). Creating a mindfulness to learn from errors enablers of rework containment and reduction in construction. Developments in the Built Environment. 1. (2020) 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2019.100001
Love, P.E.D, Irani, Z., & Edwards, D.J. (2003). Learning to Reduce Rework in Projects: Analysis of Firm’s Organizational Learning and Quality Practices. Project Management Journal. 34(3) 13-25.
Love, P.E.D. & Matthews, J. (2020). Quality, requisite imagination and resilience: Managing risk and uncertainty in construction. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 204, 107172, https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107172
Love, P.E.D., Matthews, J., & Fang, W. (2021). Reflections on the Risk and Uncertainty of Rework in Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 147(4), (April 2021). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002030
Love, P. E. D., Smith, J., Ackermann, F. & Irani, Z. (2019). Making sense of rework and its unintended consequence in projects: The emergence of uncomfortable knowledge. International Journal of Project Management, 37(3), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.02.004
Love, P. E. D., Teo, P., Ackermann, F., Smith, J., Alexander, J., Palaneeswaran, E., & Morrison, J. (2018). Reduce rework, improve safety: An empirical inquiry into the precursors to error in construction. Production Planning & Control, 29 (5), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2018.1424961
Maseko, C. M. (2017). Corporate control: The root causes of reworks in the construction of projects. Corporate Ownership & Control, 15(1-1), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i1c1p5
Miri, M & Khaksefidi, M. (2015). Cost Management in Construction Projects: Rework and Its Effects. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy. 6(6 S6). https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s6p209
Moazzami, M., Dehghan, R., & Ruwanpura, J. (2011). Contractual Risks in Fast-Track Projects. Procedia Engineering. 14. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.321
Murray, R. (2015). CII Best Practices Front End Planning and Alignment. EPCM Global Engineering (Pty) Ltd, Gauteng, Germany.
National Building Code (2006), National Building Code. Federal Republic of Nigeria by LexisNexis Butterworths, Durban South Africa.
Oladokun, M., & Alshaikh, W. (2018). Factors Influencing Saudi Construction Design Management. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering Technology. 9. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijscet.2018.09.01.002
Oluwaseyi, A., & Opeyemi, O. (2015). Effect of Rework on Project Performance in Building Project in Nigeria. International journal of engineering research and technology. 4(2).
Oyewobi, L.O., & Ogunsemi, D.R. (2010). Factors Influencing Reworks Occurrence in Construction: A Study of Selected Building Projects in Nigeria. Journal of Building Performance, 1(1), 107452913.
Oyewobi, L., Oke, A, Ganiyu, B., Shittu, A., Isa, R., & Nwokobia, L. (2011). The effect of project types on the occurrence of rework in expanding economy. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 2(6), 119-124.
Project Management Institute PMI (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide – Sixth Edition). Project Management Institute, Newtown Square, Pa. USA.
Project Management Institute (PMI) (2019). Project Management Professional (PMP) Examination Content Outline for July 2020 Exam Update. Project Management Institute, Newtown Square, Pa. USA.
Project Management Institute (PMI) (2020). PMIstandards+ Addressing Environmental Factors in Communications Plans. Project Management Institute, Newtown Square, Pa. USA.
Raghuram, S., & Nagavinothini, R. (2016). Investigation on the Causes and Adverse Effects of Reworks in Construction Projects and Developing a Rework Reduction Model to Mitigate Time and Cost. Semantic Scholar Allen Institute for AI. (Accessed Online 02/10/2020). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigation-on-the-Causes-and-Adverse-Effects-of-Raghuram-Nagavinothini/e6e4976f5038bd878b9769c82c951123037e016b
Safapour, E., Kermanshachi, S., & Taneja, P. (2019). Investigation and analysis of the rework leading indicators in construction projects: State-of-the-art review. Proc., 7th CSCE Int. Construction Specialty Conf., 12–15. Whistler, BC, Canada: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
Safapour, E., & Kermanshachi, S. (2019a). Identifying early indicators of manageable rework causes and selecting mitigating best practices for construction. J. Manage. Eng. 35 (2): 04018060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000669
Safapour, E., & Kermanshachi, S. (2019b). Investigation and analysis of human, organizational, and project-based rework indicators in construction projects. Proc., Computing in Civil Engineering 2019: Data, Sensing, and Analytics, 505–512. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Safapour, E., Kermanshachi, S., Taneja, P. & Pamidimukkala, A. (2021). Exploratory Analysis of Human-, Organizational-, and Project-Based Reworks: Challenges and Strategies. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 2022, 14(1), 04521045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000524
Samant, U.M. (2016). Computer Support for Successful Project Management. Ebook by Business Expert Press. http://www.businessexpertpress.com/
Taghizadeh, K., Noorzai, E., Zaman, Z., Amiri, M., & Rahnee, N.S. (2021). Identifying the Most Important Rework Factors in Building Projects and Providing a Solution to Reduce their Effects. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 102, 1027–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00570-9
Tsegaye, S. (2019). Identifying the Major Causes and Overall Impacts of Rework in Addis Ababa Building Construction Projects. Dissertation. St Mary’s University School of Graduate Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (Accessed 12/12/2022). http://repository.smuc.edu.et/handle/123456789/5449
Taneja, P. (2019). Identification of the Manageable Construction Rework Indicators and Related Successful Strategies. Thesis. University of Texas at Arlington. http://hdl.handle.net/10106/28150
Trach, R., Pawluk, K., & Lendo-Siwicka, M. (2019). Causes of Rework in Construction Projects in Ukraine. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(3), 61 - 74. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0034.
Yap, J. B. H., & Tan, S.M. (2021). Investigating Rework: Insights from the Malaysian Construction Industry. ASM Science Journal, 14, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2020.636
Ye, G; Jin, Z., Xia, B., & Skitmore, M. (2014) Analyzing Causes for Reworks in Construction Projects in China. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000347
Yim, R. L., Castaneda, J. M., Doolen, T. L., Tumer, I. Y., & Malak, R. (2015). Exploring the relationship between rework projects and risk indicators. Project Management Journal, 46(4), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21